YOUR INFANT NUTRITION
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During infancy, a child's altitude towards foods and whole eating process begins to take shape. If parents and caregivers practise good nutrition and flexible, the can lead an infant into lifelong healthful food habits.
Growth is rapid within the first 4-6 months after birth (at this time the baby only eat and sleep), such rapid growth requires a lot of both nourishment and sleep. After first year the growth is slower, it takes five more years to double the weight seen at one year. An infant also increases in lenght in the first year by 50% and then continue to gain height through the teen years.
The human body needs a lot of food to support growth and development than it does to merely maintain its size once growth ceases. When nutrients are missing at critical phases of growth and development, growth slows and may even stop.
INFANT NUTRITIONAL NEEDS
ENERGY NEEDS OF INFANTS
Estimated energy requirements (kcal) in infants are;
89* weight of infant (kg)+ 75 from 0-3months
89 times weight of infant (kg) + 44 from 4-6 months
89 times weight of infant (kg) -78 from seven7-12 months. At 6months of age, this amounts to about 700kcal daily. Based on body weight comparison, this amount to two to four times more energy than adults need.
The infants high energy needs are primarily driven by its rapid growth and high metabolic rate. The high metabolic rate is caused in part by the ratio of the infant's body surface to it's weight. More body surface allows more heat loss from the skin, the body must use extra energy to replace that heat.
CARBOHYDRATE NEEDS
Carbohydrate needs in infancy are 60g/day at 0-6months and 95g/day at 7-12 months. These needs are based on the typical intakes of breastfed infants, coming from both human milk and the eventual use of solid foods.
PROTEIN NEEDS
Daily protein needs in infancy are roughly 1.5g/kg body weight/day or 9.1g/day for younger infants and 13.5g/day for older infants. These needs are also based on typical intake of breastfed infants for 0-6months, and the on the need for growth for older infants. About half of total protein intake should come from essential (indispensable) amino acids. As with carbohydrate both goals again are satisfied by either human milk or infant formula. Protein intake should not greatly exceed this standard, excess nitrogen and minerals supplied by high protein diets would exceed the ability of an infant kidney to excrete the resulting metabolic waste products this putting much stress on overall kidney function.
FAT NEEDS
Infant need about 30g of fat per day. The adequate intake ranges from 30 to about 15% of total fat intake (about 5g/day). Fats are important part if infant diet because they are energy dense and vital to the development of the nervous system. As a concentrated energy source, fat helps to resolve the potential problem of the infant's high energy needs and small stomach capacity.
Arachidonic acid (AA) ad docosahexaoic acid (DHA) are two long chain fatty acids that have a very important role in infant development. The nervous system especially the brain and eyes, depend on fatty acids for proper development. During the last trimester and the first few months of infancy, DHA and AA accumulate in the brain and retinas of the eyes. Infants who are breastfed are able to acquire these fatty acids, particularly if their mothers are regularly eating fish.
VITAMIN NEEDS
Vitamin k is given by injection to all infants at birth. Breastfed infants, especially dark skinned ones likely acquire a vitamin D supplement if they not exposed to much sunlight or if the mother has poor vitamin D. Breastfed infants whose mothers are vegetarians should receive a vitamin B12 supplement. Infants who drink goat milk need a dietary supplement of folic acid. Goat is also milk ion in iron , vitamin C and D.
HEALTH PROBLEM RELATED TO INFANT NUTRITION
INFANT NUTRITION
During infancy, a child's altitude towards foods and whole eating process begins to take shape. If parents and caregivers practise good nutrition and flexible, the can lead an infant into lifelong healthful food habits.
Growth is rapid within the first 4-6 months after birth (at this time the baby only eat and sleep), such rapid growth requires a lot of both nourishment and sleep. After first year the growth is slower, it takes five more years to double the weight seen at one year. An infant also increases in lenght in the first year by 50% and then continue to gain height through the teen years.
The human body needs a lot of food to support growth and development than it does to merely maintain its size once growth ceases. When nutrients are missing at critical phases of growth and development, growth slows and may even stop.
INFANT NUTRITIONAL NEEDS
ENERGY NEEDS OF INFANTS
Estimated energy requirements (kcal) in infants are;
89* weight of infant (kg)+ 75 from 0-3months
89 times weight of infant (kg) + 44 from 4-6 months
89 times weight of infant (kg) -78 from seven7-12 months. At 6months of age, this amounts to about 700kcal daily. Based on body weight comparison, this amount to two to four times more energy than adults need.
The infants high energy needs are primarily driven by its rapid growth and high metabolic rate. The high metabolic rate is caused in part by the ratio of the infant's body surface to it's weight. More body surface allows more heat loss from the skin, the body must use extra energy to replace that heat.
CARBOHYDRATE NEEDS
Carbohydrate needs in infancy are 60g/day at 0-6months and 95g/day at 7-12 months. These needs are based on the typical intakes of breastfed infants, coming from both human milk and the eventual use of solid foods.
PROTEIN NEEDS
Daily protein needs in infancy are roughly 1.5g/kg body weight/day or 9.1g/day for younger infants and 13.5g/day for older infants. These needs are also based on typical intake of breastfed infants for 0-6months, and the on the need for growth for older infants. About half of total protein intake should come from essential (indispensable) amino acids. As with carbohydrate both goals again are satisfied by either human milk or infant formula. Protein intake should not greatly exceed this standard, excess nitrogen and minerals supplied by high protein diets would exceed the ability of an infant kidney to excrete the resulting metabolic waste products this putting much stress on overall kidney function.
FAT NEEDS
Infant need about 30g of fat per day. The adequate intake ranges from 30 to about 15% of total fat intake (about 5g/day). Fats are important part if infant diet because they are energy dense and vital to the development of the nervous system. As a concentrated energy source, fat helps to resolve the potential problem of the infant's high energy needs and small stomach capacity.
Arachidonic acid (AA) ad docosahexaoic acid (DHA) are two long chain fatty acids that have a very important role in infant development. The nervous system especially the brain and eyes, depend on fatty acids for proper development. During the last trimester and the first few months of infancy, DHA and AA accumulate in the brain and retinas of the eyes. Infants who are breastfed are able to acquire these fatty acids, particularly if their mothers are regularly eating fish.
VITAMIN NEEDS
Vitamin k is given by injection to all infants at birth. Breastfed infants, especially dark skinned ones likely acquire a vitamin D supplement if they not exposed to much sunlight or if the mother has poor vitamin D. Breastfed infants whose mothers are vegetarians should receive a vitamin B12 supplement. Infants who drink goat milk need a dietary supplement of folic acid. Goat is also milk ion in iron , vitamin C and D.
HEALTH PROBLEM RELATED TO INFANT NUTRITION
- Diet providing insufficient iron
- Absence from diet of an entire food group
- Drinking raw unpasteurised milk which may be contaminated with bacteria or viruses.
- Drinking goats milk which is low in foliate, iron, vitamin C & D. If used, it must be pasteurised and given in conjugation with a balance multivitamin and mineral supplement
- Faliure to begin drinking from a cup by one year of age.
- Continuing to feed from a bottle past 18 months of age
- Intake of supplemental vitamins and minerals above 100% of the appropriate RDA or other nutrient standard.
COMMON INFANT PROBLEMS
- Colic
- Diarrhoea
- Milk allergy
- Iron deficiency anaemia
- Gastroesophageal reflux
THE TEENAGE YEARS
Most girls begins a rapid growth spurt between the ages 10 and 13 and most boys experience rapid growth between the ages of 12 and 15. Nearby every organ in the body grows during these periods, most noticeable are increase in height, weight and the development of the secondary sexual characteristics. During the growth spurt, girls gain about 10 inches in height 12 inches. Girls also tends to accumulate both lean and fat tissue, whereas boys tend to gain mostly lean tissue. This growth spurt provides about 50% of ultimate adult weight and about 15% of ultimate adult height.
The nutritional needs in teenage includes;
130g/day of carbohydrate, 0.85kg/body weight /day of protein (52g/day for males and 46g/day for females).
NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH TEENS
Anorexia nervosa: This evolves from a dangerous mental state to an often life threatening physical condition. People suffering from this disorder think they are fat and intensely fear obesity and weight gain. They loose much more weight than is healthful. Anorexia nevosa is characterised by extreme weight loss, a distorted body image and irrational, almost morbid, fear of obesity and weight gain.
About 10% of people with anorexia eventually die from the disease.
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